Cytogenetics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cytogenetics - Coursework Example Other Cytogenetic techniques include Fluorescent in-situ hybridization, Centromere or C-banding, replication banding, Sub-microscopic telomere analysis, distamycin staining and Comparative Genomic Hybridization (1). Abnormalities in chromosomes can also be identified by non-cytogenetic methods, like that of Microarray analysis and Molecular analysis of Telomeric sequences (1). Human numerical abnormalities are now measured by the advent of cytogenetics, which include Downs Syndrome, Turners syndrome and Klinefelters syndrome. The advance of molecular cytogenetics started in 1980s with the advent of Fluorescent in-situ hybridization. Later than FISH, technique of chromosome microdissection came in picture in which micromanipulation and examination of chromosome was carried out. This method lead to study in detail the aberration in chromosomal structure that could be isolated cloned and thereby studied in even finer detail. This method is also been put to medical use like in diagnosis of cancer and in hematological malignancies where it is used to determine the chromosomal translocations in the malignant cells, thus making the diagnosis easier and thereby the treatment becomes more specific. It is also used in the identification of the abnormality in myeloid leukemia (2). The future focuses on molecular cytogenetics include Comparative genomic hybridization microarrays; Single-Polynucleotide based Polymerization based karyotyping. Report for the clinician referred to: 1. Observation and background: Given sample of Mrs. Krerr has been analyzed and karyotyping was carried out based on the G-banding Karyotype. There were clear indications of translocation between in Chromosome 4 and 11 having t(4;11)(q21:p13) phenotype. Based on published literature and reports translocation in chromosome 4; 11 was found to be associated with high risk infant acute leukemia (3) which arises due to illegitimate re-combination between MLL and AF4 gene. Identification of this gene translocation in early stage of life cycle allows us to define the treatment regime in subsequent development of diseases (4). The mechanistic aspect of this translocation is largely unknown but researchers are able to map the genomic breakpoints and, in this particular case it was found to be hyper-sensitive to Dnase I and the cleavage site for Topoisomerase II. 2. Probable Gene involved and proteins: a) AF4p12, also known as FRYL gene homologous to Drosophila FRY gene could be involved in maintaining integrity of polarized cell during morphogenesis (6). b) MLL 11 Q23 transcriptional regulators. 3. Further investigations: Observed karyotype and interpretation needs to be validated based on little more cytogenetic analysis including Q- banding to obtain high resolution banding pattern to locate precise translocation. Similarly NOR (Silver) staining will help to identify translocation due to involvement of shorter arm translocation in given sample. But it is highly recommended to use Q-PCR methodology using fusion specific primer (i.e. primer which amplifies fusion region of MLL and AF4). The results of PCR amplification can

Harley Davidson Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson Essay The video case â€Å"Harley Davidson: More Than Just a Motorcycle† briefly explains how the company Harley Davidson, was able to reshape, recreate and expand their products while also encouraging, enlightening, and mentoring both female and male customers at the same time for the past 100 years. The Harley-Davidson company creates and designs motorcycles fit for any and everybody. Although the company uses special marketing variables in trying to reach a specific target market, they do not limit their products nor reject any other customers outside of that specific target market. Using psychographic variables, advertising in certain locations is an example of how Harley-Davidson reaches out to their target market. Psychographic segmentation variables mainly concentrate on its customers according to their personal attributes, motive, and lifestyle. The company also markets their magazines to both women and men; people overall who happen to be very independent and active individuals. With motorcycling being a hobby more so for a male, Harley-Davidson specifically establishes a way to show females who are also into riding motorcycles that they are too accepted into the bond for the open road. To show this, Harley-Davidson hires women in their establishments since women customers do often feel undermined and intimidated by male employees when in search of a new motorcycle. Events all over the nation are also held for the female motorcyclists where they are educated and mentored on the ways of Harley-Davidson and the road. The term quality has been used to differentiate products today in the Harley-Davidson company for years. It is one of the main factors this company has been using to satisfy the needs of both old and new customers. Quality is not only the distinctive characteristic, property, or attribute of a product, but it also benefits and satisfies the customers’ wishes. Sustaining and keeping up with the various products and the quality of them keeps customers certain that they are content with what they are paying for. Harley-Davidson carries on with the constant quality in their products to maintain the reputation and principles of the company itself. The company is well known for their popular heavyweight, chopper style design. Their motorcycles are fit for all purposes such as traveling long distances or just for the fun of being on the open road. These Harley-Davidson products all show liberation for the customers as well as giving ease and guaranteeing their safety. When it comes to the satisfying the customers, quality is kept constant within its products at the highest level it can be along with applying its products with the best premium quality. Harley-Davidson uses customer service to differentiate their products in a manner that emotionally connects the customers to their products while fulfilling their wants and needs through the impeccable quality of their products. The company’s mission is to instill a sense of freedom and liberation through their products so that they and their customers can build a lifetime relationship. To improve this, hiring female employees within their establishments happen to make women feel confident and positive when interested in purchasing and riding motorcycles. Harley-Davidson even has mentoring courses specifically for women in which old women riders encourage and give new women riders the confidence to ride safely on the open road. The company uses courses like this so all women riders can bond, teach and inform each other on the different wear and products to use when riding and inspire others to become a mentor by being positive and helpful. This course is very helpful to the women riders because it builds their self-confidence while also introducing to the many new women riders the different products Harley-Davidson hold, aside from their competition, and the quality their products hold. The Harley-Davidson Museum holds a great amount of influence on how consumers may perceive the company and their products. The museum exhibits motorcycles from when they were first built by the masterminds behind it all, William Harley and Arthur Davidson. Exhibiting bikes that go as far as the beginning of the 19th century show consumers how far they have come along and evolved to what they are today. The Harley-Davidson museum also gives consumers hands-on experiences and interactive workshops that can help turn consumers into Harley-Davidson customers and riders. It is the place where people would go and would want to learn more about Harley-Davidson, their products, history, and brand. Harley-Davidson and their product mix show a good example of an impressive marketing strategy that can easily attract any and everybody that would be interested in riding a motorcycle. Unlike any other motorcycle company, Harley-Davidson ventured out and made a huge variety of products of excellent quality fit for anyone and everyone, including pets!

Copyright in Cyberspace Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Copyright in Cyberspace That cyberspace has had and will have a significant impact on our lives is fact. People, however, love to take this effect to the extreme, saying that cyberspace is tending more and more toward lawlessness and anarchy. Popular phrases include: â€Å"Cyberspace will render law ineffective.† â€Å"There is no way to police cyberspace.† â€Å"The government cannot penetrate cyberspace with its laws and regulations.† These are all relatively common views. Part of this trend is the belief that intellectual property cannot be protected on the Internet because of perceived inherent characteristics of cyberspace. Some even believe this to be a good thing, that there should be no barriers that hinder the flow of information, no protection over an author’s publications. I argue the contrary. Cyberspace can and will become the subject of some sort of regulatory force. We are compelled to erase anarchy from the confines of cyberspace. We are impelled to pro tect the laws of copyright—the laws of real space can and should be made to apply to cyberspace. We have the technology and insight to do so. Now we must begin the process of breaking the code of lawlessness and replacing it with the code of order. The Social Value of Copyright A copyright is a federal property right granted for original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible medium. To qualify as original, the work must exhibit only a modicum of originality; that is, it must only be slightly original. As long as the work was not copied in its entirety from another source, it qualifies as original. The work does not have to be novel or unique or ingenious, just independently created.[1] The first copyright statute, launched in 1790,... ...ns/jec/html†¦, 2. [17] Ibid, 3. [18] Lessig, 138-139. [19] â€Å"Of Governance and Technology,† Inter@ctive WeekOnline, 2 October 1998. [20] Lessig, 25. [21] Ibid. [22] Lessig, 6. [23] National Research Council: Committee on Intellectual Property Rights and the Emerging Information Structure, The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Information Age, (Washington, DC: National Academy Press 2000) 152-156. [24] Ibid 157-161. [25] Peter Albert, Jr and Laff, Whitesel & Saret, Ltd, 281. [26] The Digital Dilemma, 167. [27] Mark Stefik, â€Å"Letting Loose the Light: Igniting Commerce in Electronic Publication,† in Internet Dreams: Archetypes, Myths and Metaphors, ed and compiled by Mark Stefik (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1997) 227. [28] Lessig, 129. [29] Cohen, 29-33. [30] Stefik, 243. [31] The Digital Dilemma, 167.

A fine White Dust :: essays papers

A fine White Dust Facets of Religion The novel was very interesting. It caused me to think of many ideas of religion and of the many processes of conversion. The book portrays religion and conversion to religion in many ways. It uses the various characters to show the many different possibilities that you can have in your religion. Pete is a very interesting character. He has some interesting quirks; he first is strangely religious for his young age for no obvious reason. His parents seem to be very nonreligious so a possibility for his disproportionate spirituality is as a reaction to his parents’ lack of religious zeal. â€Å"I started simmering inside because they wouldn’t go to church with me, because they didn’t seem to care about heaven or hell or their boy’s need for religion.† Pete’s impression of the Preacher Man at first before he is swayed by the preacher’s skills seems to be very accurate. He believed the â€Å"hitchhiker†, who was actually the Preacher Man, to be a member of the shadier element. Some of the possibilities he thinks of are an axe murderer or some kind of violent criminal. This at the end of the story appears to be the most accurate picture of the Preacher Man. The negative image of the Preacher Man is the most correct of all the impressions that Pete has toward the Preacher Man. Pete finally sees through the Preacher Man’s fake facade. Especially After he has had time to allow the effects of his religious experience to abate. Pete is the main character of the story; the story is his discovery of a hero and his subsequent betrayal by this his new hero. Pete is an innocent and naà ¯ve character he is easily taken by the powerful preaching about salvation and heaven by the Preacher Man. The Preacher Man shows him religion that is an escape from the horror and pain of hell. It appears that it is mainly a technique of salvation by fear; if you are afraid enough you will convert and be saved from the dangers of hell. This is a very two-dimensional religion it only is about you not about God. A truly loving God would not want his people to be afraid continually of hell. He would want us to be thinking of him and heaven.

Pearl Harbor – Address to the Nation

In the United States back in 1941, the nation was already under stress. The nation survived the baby boom, but also just suffered the â€Å"Great Depression† which led American’s to being on their toes. The United States thirty-second president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was elected for a third term in 1940. After a horrible decade; the Great Depression, Baby Boom, the Race Riots in Chicago and the Holocaust occurring in Germany, the United States was very permissive. In the year 1941, President Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act, which in turn allows the United States to aid allies in military supplies.On December 7th, 1941 a horrible even took place on Pearl Harbor, which is the Naval Base for the U. S. Pacific Fleet, which is located on southern coast of Oahu, Hawaii. The Japanese suddenly attacked the United States. On that cold December 7th day in 1941, Pearl Harbor was at it’s usual pace. From flying aircrafts to sailing military ships. Then the Japanese aircr aft planes launched bombers and torpedoes on Pearl Harbor. There were three separate waves executed for conquer against Pearl Harbor. Although the attack was unexpected at that time. All the facts were presented in a timely manner.In which the actions of the US military when they stopped shipments of airplanes, machine tools, parts, and aviation gasoline from China. The Japanese saw this as a hostile act. After the attacks from the Japanese the rises in fatalities was devastating to the Americans. About 2,402 military personnel were killed, 57 civilians killed, 1,247 military wounded, and 35 civilians wounded. This was the start of World War II. After the attacks on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt performed a speech to the American’s that he was called Pearl Harbor Address To the Nation, given on December 8th, 1941.This announcement was published in the United States under the watchful eye of the President, his cabinet members and the people of congress. The potential audie nce for this argument is the people of America. This is because one the attack occurred on US soil, two it would affect everyone as a whole nation, and three many people were involved in the military. FDR first gave a speech to Congress to declare war with Japan, and then later presented the speech with Congress by his side.

Corporate Crime †BP Oil Spill

Corporate Crime – BP Oil Spill Introduction Most organizations have strived to carry out their operations within the confines of the law. However, in some instances of, say negligence, has made them be entangled with lawsuits emanating from their operations. Some companies knowingly or unknowingly have committed corporate crimes in the pursuits of profit maximization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Crime – BP Oil Spill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In general terms, corporate crime refers to any crime committed by a company/organization or business entity. Similarly, Yeager (1980) illustrates that corporate crime is â€Å" the conduct of a corporation or employees acting on behalf of a corporation, which is prescribed and punishable by law†. This crime may also reflect the character of the management team as cited by Yeager (1980). BP is one of the respected companies which, in the eyes of many, was involved in corporat e crime. Though it may be argued that crime committed was not intentional, it had far reaching effects on the environment and climate. The crime the company committed occurred in the Gulf of Mexico, which in 2010, fixing environmental and economic issue. These included damage to aquatic life, water pollution and breakdown of businesses among others. It is reported that around 174 million gallons was spilled and spread over an area estimated 25, 000 square miles (Hayward, 2010). BP Oil Company BP is one of the largest oil suppliers of oil on the globe. The organization was engaged in steady operations until 2010, when it experienced lower profits because of the oil spill that happened in the Gulf of Mexico. The Spill happened in April 2010, when the Deep Water Horizon drilling,a company owned by Transocean Ltd, contracted by BP burst and begun burning near the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. The ship began sinking, gushing an estimated 55,000 barrels of oil per day. Efforts to contain the spill was unsuccessful. When it was successfully capped in September 2010, an estimated 205 million gallons of crude oil was already spilled into the ocean. The disaster caused a severe damage and endangered several â€Å"at risk† businesses along the Gulf. These industries included; tourism, recreational and commercial fishing and other businesses tied to natural resources.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More BP Oil Spill Effects Environmental Challenges The BP oil spill had several ethical implications to the organization and the environment as a whole. Some of the effects caused by the spill revolved around the wildlife and the environment. The spill contributed to the disruption of the ecosystem and the wildlife, these included both aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. Similarly, marine and wildlife habitats were extensively damaged, fishing and tourism aff ected as the fish were affected by the oil present in the water bodies. This made their survival a challenge. According to Steiner (2010) environmental and water pollution contributed to both human and aquatic health problems as it led to suffocation of aquatic life besides contaminating the oxygen concentration in water and the environment. Financial Loss Company The BP oil company did not only contribute to the destruction of the environment and wildlife, it incurred financial losses as well. For example, Steiner (2010) indicates that the compensation valuation in physical damages in contrast to actual claims was approximated to be about $20-50 billion. Many authors opine that this figure is one of the grand verdicts ever made compared to the more than $5 billion awarded to Alaska oil spill in American history (Amadeo, 2010). Businesses and Individuals Many businesses and private individuals also suffered financial loss in terms of property and economic damage. These included abou t 13,000 individuals. Among the businesses that suffered hugely included; property owners, the hoteliers, restaurateurs and oyster men. Loss of Life The BP oil pill contributed to loss of life. According to Gardner (2010) eleven people perished and animals and plants died as well. In addition to these deaths, several people were injured, because the spill covered a large surface area, Gardner (2010) notes that sea birds, fish and turtles among others died on a large scale. The coral reefs which add beauty to coastal beaches was also destroyed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Crime – BP Oil Spill specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social Fabric The Oil spill on the Gulf of Mexico confronted an environmental disaster never experienced in the American history. Because of the oceanic and geography processes, the ecological impacts of the spill had a greater impact on the coastal areas. Nevertheless, the s pill affected the social fabric and the ecology of the communities residing in these areas. The situation caused the inhabitants to reflect their relationships with the media, industries and government agencies. According to X, the communities residing at the coastlines blamed the regulating agency for improperly monitoring the extraction of the resource and the BP for the technical failure causing the spill. Along with the media, we viewed the agencies/institutions as incapable of conveying accurate information to the public or addressing critical technical aspects during the response process. Pyrrhic defeat theory illustrates that those who have authority to change the system opt not to do so because they benefit in the way it operates. In this case, the institutions which the residents trusted to be their aid did nothing tangible to safeguard their well being (Alario Freudenburg, 2003). Rather than being a center of first stop, the community argued the institutions and the indus try were colluding in efforts to extract the petroleum resource. Similarly, the media, BP and the institutions were believed as promoting their own interest rather than safeguarding the community through failure to properly represent the community and the story. Thus, the residents were convinced that the values bestowed to the institutions were geared towards political and profit making goals. In a nutshell, the institutions failed to implement policies that would have reduced the risk. Why BP Oil Spill is a Problematic Issue BP oil spill is one of the most complex cases ever to have happened in the world history. This is because the spill covered five Gulf States, that is, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas and Louisiana. The spill altered the structures already established. On a larger scale, it destroyed the livelihood of these states rendering the economic and social survival of thousands of people a challenge.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also, Weiss (2010) illustrates that the compensation in terms of physical damages was at a high of $ 20-50 billions. Among the litigants, this amount was believed to be the grant judgement ever to be delivered. Similarly, the spill brought about many groups and individuals seeking compensation. For instance, groups such as the hotel owners of Florida and captains of charter boats sued the company as a result of losing customers. Also, about 15,000 fishermen in Louisiana sued the company by claiming the oil polluted the habitats of fish challenging fishing activities (Hayward, 2010). Another bizarre issue with this case is that there were both physical and non- physical damages occurring. However, under the Tort law, an appellant suing the organization, claiming for physical damages to property is limited to the economic loss but not on the damages inflicted on him/her. Similarly, under the tort law, all the affected parties have to correctly confirm the exact damages caused so as to facilitate quick recovery of their business (Gardner, 2010). As in the case of a BP oil spill, there were many diverse plaintiffs such as the boat operators, sports fishermen and seafood sellers. There were many ideological positions among the decision makers on how to approach the BP case. However, most arguments were inclined on the due course of the law. For example, the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicated that it would ban the company temporarily from securing new contracts with the government for it had failed to uphold business ethics in their business operations. Similarly, the ideal of criminal justice was upheld by the US government (Amadeo, 2010). The government pointed out that the BP should compensate all the victims of the tragedy. BP had to abide by the decision of the government; it set aside over 40 Billion in fines and settlements, clean up costs on the oil spill and additional 16 billion demanded by the Clean Water Act (Dyer et al., 1992). Sim ilarly, whereas it is in the public domain that the BP oil rig blew up in the Gulf of Mexico, and everyone admits including the BP company, some people have not believed this argument. They feel that this was not a mere accident. It was their unwillingness to improve safety, hence, an intentional act of conspiracy. Conclusion BP oil spill is considered a corporate crime. It led to a lot of actions that were considered criminal. This contributed to the loss of life, environmental pollution and health issues among others. For instance, the pollution of the environment contributed to the extinction of endangered birds and other aquatic species. Similarly, it collapsed family units as some people migrated to other areas for safety and loss of jobs. On commercial implications, properties were destroyed and businesses lost huge profits and business opportunities. For instance, tourist operators, fishermen and captains had their source of livelihood constrained. References List Alario, M. and Freudenburg, W.R. (2003). Paradoxes of Modernity: Scientific Advances, Environmental Problems, and Risks to Social Fabric? Sociological Forum, 17(2), 193-214. Amadeo, K. (2010). Gulf Oil Spill, US Economy. Web. Dyer, C.L., Gill, D.A., and Picou, J.S. (1992). Social disruption and the Valdez oil spill: Alaskan Natives in a natural resource community. Sociological Spectrum, 12 (2), 105-126. Gardner, D. (2010). Bp Market Plunge Wipes Billions Off UK Pension Funds as Shares In Oil Giant Suffer Fresh Falls. Web. Hayward, T. (2010). BP 2010; Strategy Presentation. New York, NY: BP Corp. Steiner, R. (2010). The Largest â€Å"Accidental Oil Spill† in History; Lessons of Bp’S Deepwater Horizon Disaster. Web. Weiss, D., C. (2010). BP Agrees to Pay $20 Billion into Compensation Fund. Web. Yeager, P., C. (1980). Corporate Crime. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

How to Enhance Academic Performance with Time Management Essay Example

How to Enhance Academic Performance with Time Management Essay Example How to Enhance Academic Performance with Time Management Essay How to Enhance Academic Performance with Time Management Essay How to Enhance Academic Performance by Time Management Many students at colleges and universities around the world may find their academic experience very stressful as they are faced with several challenges. Meeting set deadlines for assignments, failing to prepare properly for coursework and examinations, and that overwhelming feeling of pressure when trying to achieve a good standing academic performance are Just a few (Macan 760). One potential coping strategy which can be implemented to efficiently help deal with these challenges and, as a result, improve on ones academic performance is Time Management. Prioritizing and scheduling ones workload are both effective time management practices which can increase productivity, alleviate or prevent stress and anxiety and ultimately help in enhancing a students overall academic performance. The concept of time management is generally defined in terms ofa collection of behavior that is deemed to facilitate productivity and lighten stress (Lay Schouwenburg, 1993). It is believed that effective and efficient time management strategies are necessary in order to increase intellectual performance (Campbell Svenson, 552) and are frequently suggested by academic assistance personnel and ectures as aids to enhance achievement for students. Every student during their academic period enrolls in courses which would all require them to complete specific tasks over time and by a certain time. The completion of these tasks can become even more complicated when having to do one or more, for multiple courses simultaneously and based on this increased workload it is harder for some students to meet deadlines. When this occurs, assignments can become a burden and the pressures of upcoming submission dates can cause little or no productivity at all. A riority list can therefore be implemented as a time management tool, for prioritizing course work based on importance, submission date and workload. Ronald T. Brown Ph. D, ABPP who is Professor of Public Health, Psychology and Pediatrics and is Dean of the College of Health Professions at Temple University suggests that students can break down these large and sometimes daunting tasks into smaller ones and by doing these smaller workable tasks on an efficient regular schedule they would avoid academic distress (87). In this way time can be appropriately allotted and dedicated o the start and completion of specific assignments which can ease students work flow allowing them to accomplish what needs to be done in a timely fashion. However, assignments are only half the battle, as students will still need time to put towards studying for course work exams and also final exams. Failing to allocate time to do this can arguably have a negative impact on a students academic performance as procrastination is common among all students and involves a deficient time management and study skills (17) as Social Psychologist, and Professor and Chair of the Psychology Department Dr. Brownlow explains. Too much time can be spent trying to complete assignments and too little time is spent preparing for tests. As one enough time to keep on track with their academic requirements. This is where hourly and daily scheduling can be used as a time management framework. According to Passer (24) it is essential to break down a 24 hour day so that a student can effectively decide how to assign his or her time so to keep up with his or her academic commitments. Scheduling similar to Prioritizing and creates a balance which allows students to effectively and efficiently complete assignments as students ay experience ongoing stress when they are striving to turn in quality homework and assignments on time. Stress can also manifest itself as test anxiety. Academic success is based on the ability to learn as students are required to consistently recall information that is processed both in the long-term and short term memory. Stress inhibits the brains function as a result of lack of sleep, pressure and anxiety. The Mayo Clinic describes time management as an essential factor in reducing stress students can reduce stress by prioritizing and scheduling assignments and work to prevent rushing to complete assignments or cramming for tests. Even for a student life cannot be all work and no play. Students personal life and school life often overlaps, assignments and study times compete with other activities and chores and it may be challenging and stressful to keep up with the demands of school life at college and university levels. Some students may even have other obligations such as employment. Therefore it is important that a student perfects and shapes his or her management skills creating a balance which allows them to effectively and efficiently complete assignments and prepare for exams leaving room for personal duties and recreation. In conclusion, time management skills such as prioritizing and scheduling create a balance which allows students to effectively and efficiently complete assignments and prepare for exams without any stress or anxiety. Students who perceive more control of their time have significantly better academic performance evaluations, greater work and life satisfaction and less stress when it comes to workloads Macane et al. and are so better equipped to gain academic success. Work cited Brown, R. T. 1991, Helping students confront and deal with stress and procrastination, Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. . Brownlow, S. 2000, Putting off until tomorrow what is better done today: Academic procrastination as a function of motivation toward college work, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 15, No. 5 pp. 15-34. Campbell, R. L, Svenson, L. W. 1992, Perceived level of stress among university undergraduate students in Edmonton, Canada, Perceptual and Motor Ski lls, Vol. 75, NO. 2, pp. 552-554. Lay, C. H. , Schouwenburg, H. C. (1993). Trait procrastination, time management, and academic behavior. Journal of Social Behavior Personality, 84(4), 647-66 Macan, T. H. , Shahani, C. , Dipboye, R. L. , Phillips, A. P. (1990). Ce students time Educollegational Psychology, 82(4), 760-768. Misra, R. , McKean, M. (2000). COLLEGE STUDENTSACADEMIC STRESS AND ITS RELATION TO THEIR ANXIETY, TIME MANAGEMENT, AND LEISURE SATISFACTION. American Journal of Health Studies, 16(1), 41-51. Annotated Bibliography procrastination, Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 87. Ronald T. Brown, Ph. D. , ABPP is Professor of Public Health, Psychology and Pediatrics and is Dean of the College of Health Professions at Temple University. Dr. Brown is a diplomate in Clinical Health Psychology of the American Board of Professional Psychology, and is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, the Society of Behavioral Medicine, and the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Dr. Browns text offers a plethora of practical approaches to how one can cope with stress and procrastination which can affect a persons mood, conscientiousness, and extraversion and at the core is performance. behavior and Personality, Vol. 15, No. 5 pp. 15-17. Dr. Brownlow is Professor and Chair of the Psychology Department, who received her B. A. from the University of Massachusetts-Boston and her Ph. D. rom Brandeis University. A Social Psychologist, Dr. Brownlow maintains an active program of research, focusing primarily on how nonverbal behavior influences impressions of others. She and her students also study gender differences. Her research collaborations students result in yearly conference presentations and have produced several scholarly publications, all of which include students as authors. Several of her students recently have received regional and national recognition for their work. Dr. Brownlow encourages students to pursue their interests through a variety of research, practice and rojects, thus extending their classroom activities. Dr. Brownlow teaches Interpersonal Relations, History of Psychology, Social Psychology, and Industrial Psychology. This text explains how the process of University education evaluates the student constantly causing the reevaluation of self image, and how as the term progresses, stress rises with every paper and examination. Campbell suggests that stress is caused by this along with lack of time and self discipline, briefly noting that the personal commitments of students especially women had to be limited to reduce stress. Dr. Campbell received his M. D. om Ohio State University College of Medicine in 1949 and completed his residency in neurological surgery at the IU Medical Center in 1957 and has numerous publications in various medical Journals and has presented at major conferences in management: Correlations with academic performance and stress. Journal of Misra, R. , McKean, M. (2000). College Students Academic Stress amd its Relation to teir Anxiety, Time Management, and Leisu re. American Journal of Health Studies, 16(1), 41 _ 51. Passer. Michael W. , and Ronald E. Smith. Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. 3rd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2001 24-25

Free sample - Physiological Analysis as is used in Criminal Investigations. translation missing

Physiological Analysis as is used in Criminal Investigations. Physiological Analysis as is used in Criminal InvestigationsAbstract The rate of crime has been increasing at a very high rate in the society. In consistent with this, criminal investigation agencies have continued to research on the appropriate strategies to combat rising criminal activities in the society. Following this point, this research paper would focus on psychological/physiological analysis as is used in criminal investigations. The paper will begin by looking at how this analysis is used in criminal investigation activities, before moving on to the importance of this approach in investigation. Additionally, this research will look at the pro and cons of using psychological and physiological analysis in criminal investigation. The paper will also propose different recommendation on which areas need further development to enhance this method of criminal investigation. Introduction The 21st century remains as one of the periods in history which continues to enjoy the advances in technology and other innovations which have relatively improved the lifestyles of people across the globe. In line with this, the execution or rather accomplishments of different activities has been enhanced, with efficiency being put on top of the agenda. Nonetheless, this is also a period in history which continues to face different challenges which emanates from crime or rather criminal activities, not only in the United States but also across the globe. Notably, there has been an increase in crime rate in the United States and across the globe, on a local and international level. According to Polis?ensk, (2007), during the year 2005, the police documented 344060 criminal acts, a 2.2% decrease from the previous year and the lowest crime level since 1993 in the Czech Republic. Similar data has been collected in different parts of the globe. In addition to this, crime has also exhibite d evolution characteristics just the same way the society has evolved with the invention of new technologies. In line with this, the government of the United States in collaboration with other governments across the globe has been on the forefront to devise ways of dealing with crime in an effective way. Consequently, various ways of deterring crime in the society have been developed with a focus on how it can be reduced in the society. Following this, one of the ways of guaranteeing that crime is dealt with in an effective way is through investigation. Accordingly, crime or rather criminal investigation is one of the most important approaches towards solving crime puzzles and reducing its impact on the society. To be specific, there are different crime investigation approaches which have been developed over time to reverse the current crime trends in the society. More so, there has been a shift towards analysis and solving crime puzzles from a scientific point of view. Above and beyond, some of the scientific means which are currently utilized on the crime scene include the psychological and physiological analysis in criminal investigations. In reference to Vrij, Mann Fisher (2006), scientists, law enforcement agents and a host of other investigators have been attempting to develop better methods to discriminate between truth-tellers and liars (p.329). In consistent with this, it is important to mention that human behavior and how they respond to situations remains as the most important factors which could assist law enforcement agencies to gather and analyze vital evidence which could assist them to bring criminal culprits to book. Apart from looking at crime and trying to gather evidence on a crime which has already occurred, the psychological/physiological analysis as is applied to criminal investigations also focuses on the preventing future crimes in the society. In consistent with this, the criminal investigation department in the United States and in other countries across the globe has continued to develop its knowledge and skills in using psychological and physiological analysis in crime investigation. However, there are numerous limitations which would be identified in this research paper which relates to the use of psychological and physiological analysis in criminal investigations. One of the challenges of using this approach in criminal investigations regards the issue that there are limited studies which have been carried out on this subject. In reference to Polis?ensk (2007), despite the many improvements and the existence of institutions which relate to the area of crime research, no academic bodies exists whose sole purpose is to conduct research in the area of forensic disciplines, including forensic psychology in the Czech Republic and among most nations across the globe (p.60). This, among other limitations has contributed to t he lagging behind of this field as is applied to criminal investigations across the globe. The development of psychological and physiological analysis remains as one of the critical areas which are poised to transform not only the present criminal investigation tactics but also the future. Notably, this is one of the areas which are yet to be exploited fully by the law enforcement bodies in the United States and across the globe. Its development, which will rely more on thorough research and studies would require both the government and academic institutions to pull together their resources towards conducting further research and training professionals with a deeper understanding of psychological and physiological analysis processes. Furthermore, the involvement of the community would also be an important factor to be incorporated into this approach of criminal investigation. Tyler Fagan (2008) argues that research from social psychology demonstrates that one central reason that people cooperate generally is that they identify with their communities, linking their sense of self (identity) to the wellbeing of their group (p.236). Following this point, psychological and physiological analysis could also be utilized to gather important information from the community and as acquire important information which is needed in criminal investigation cases. Literature Review There are many researches which have been carried out in the past which relates to psychological and physiological analysis and crime investigation in the society. To begin with Vrij, Mann Fisher (2006), examined or rather tested the Behavior Analysis Interview (BAI), an interview technique which was developed by F.E. Inbau, J.E. Reid, J.P. Buckley, B.C. Jayne (2001) designed to evoke different verbal and non-verbal responses from liars and truth-tellers (p.329). This research found out that liars were more inclined towards portraying a more honest appearance as compared to those who told the truth. In other words, liars tried as much as possible to control their psychological appearance in order to look as honest as possible. In consistent with this, the law enforcement officers must be able to differentiate such phenomenon between truth-tellers and liars as a way of ascertaining whether they were on the right track towards solving the crime under investigation. This piece of lite rature is an important eye-opener on the importance of understanding psychological and physiological analysis result in criminal investigation. The understanding of personalities and human behavior in general also contributes by a greater part to the overall understanding of crime. In line with this, Guay et al. (2007) argues that a personality disorder such as psychopathy, its association with violence and its usefulness is a risk factor in predicting criminal recidivism has increased its prominence in the last decade in both criminology and psychopathology (p.701). Remarkably, these authors argue that the understanding of personality disorders plays a critical role towards a thoughtful approach in gathering information that would assist in criminal investigation. Therefore they argue that the factors of psychopathy as one of the personality disorders which were identified were vital in predicting sexual coercion against women (p.709). Therefore, before launching any criminal investigative activity, the law enforcement officers have to examine whether there are psychological issues which were involved in that case. Apart fr om helping them to understand the issues which resulted to the crime, understanding psychological could also assist in speeding up the investigation process as well as laying down important strategies towards preventing further crime in future. Notably, it is the responsibility of law enforcement agencies not only to investigate crime but also to lay down structures to prevent an occurrence of the same. Another source which would play an important role in this research regards some of the weaknesses which have been identified in using psychological and physiological analysis in criminal investigation. In line with this, there are some of the methods which were not ascertained as it concerns their reliability in criminal investigation processes. According to Snook et al. (2008), the police department around the world has been using Criminal Profiling as one of their strategies in criminal investigation (p.1257). Notably, this refers to the collecting of important data from the crime scene and then building a profile of the perceived criminal. Snook et al. argues that there is no scientific evidence to ascertain that Criminal Profiling as a method in crime investigation is credible. Therefore, such an understanding is important as it helps the criminal investigation officers to develop an open mind when conducting investigation using this method. Consequently, this source plays a sign ificant role in this research in the sense that it helps in identifying flaws and weaknesses in the psychological and physiological analysis methods as they are used in criminal investigation. The ability to classify criminals based on psychological and physiological analysis by the law enforcement agencies is an appropriate strategy in solving crime puzzles in the society. As a result of this, Swogger Kosson (2007) argues that psychopathy is an important construct in offender classifications (p.953). In consistent with this, it is important to note that there is a difference between crime offenders in the society. Therefore, criminal investigation agencies need to classify these crime offenders in different categories to make it possible to differentiate the type of crimes committed and associate them with the right offenders. Therefore, one of the ways of classifying these offenders is through the use of psychological and physiological analysis. For instance, from the results which were obtained by Swogger Kosson (2007) in their research, classifying psychopaths as either primary or secondary psychopaths was an important steps in differentiating one group from the othe r in the sense that the former group exhibited more violent behavior than the latter (p.357). Therefore, such classification of crime offenders created an opportunity for crime investigators to identifying from the onset the kind of criminals they were dealing with. Methodology   This research was based on an analysis of scholarly materials which had carried out extensive research and analysis of data on the topic of discussion. These sources were deemed credible as a result of their recent publication which indicated their ability to carry out extensive research using current scientific research methods. Additionally, the information which was utilized was based on credible data which was collected from different geographical areas across the globe, with the interest of crime, psychological and physiological analysis in mind. In addition, most of the authors of these sources were researchers and academic staff based in different renowned academic institutions across the globe. In addition to collecting important information and data from these scholarly materials, this research also worked with some of the real life case studies which were based on psychological and physiological analysis in crime investigation. These were combined with the information and data from the scholarly articles and analyzed with the trendiest scientific methods which are currently used in research. Recommendations were also made to further the research in areas which were insufficiently covered by these sources. Therefore, this research paper would play an important role in forming the foundation for further research on the subject of psychological and physiological analysis as it is used in criminal investigation. Research Findings and Discussion The understanding of the psychological and physiological analysis in crime investigations is and would always be an important strategy towards dealing with criminal issues in the society. In line with this, this research on physiological and psychological analysis as is applied to investigating crime is among the studies which have been carried in the field of criminology. It has been argued that forensic psychology has been around as early as the 20th century (Polis?ensk, 2007). This has been developed further by research in this field with more focus on the psychological side as compared to the physiological side.   There are others scholars and researchers who have argued that some methods of psychological analysis in detection of certain aspects of crime were in use as early as 19th century. Irrespective of this developing history of physiological and psychological analysis as is used in criminal investigations, this shall not be the center of focus in this paper. Instead, the research findings would dwell on how physiological and psychological analysis is implemented into investigations, its importance in investigation and the pros and cons of using this method in criminal investigation processes. Implementation of Psychological/Physiological Analysis into Investigations There are various psychological and physiological analyses which are utilized in criminal investigation. To begin with, the Concealed Information Test to ascertain whether a person is telling a lie or the truth is one of the psychological analyses which are use in crime investigations. In reference to Meijer, Vershuere Merckelback (2010), lie detection procedures are typically aimed at determining whether a suspect is lying about a crime committed in the past (p.44). This method of lie detection examined the physiological and psychological response which was provided by the suspects. Therefore, certain aspects are observed in these cases to which would then lead to a conclusion on whether the suspect is lying or not. This technique of truth/lie detection requires the law enforcement officers to use hi-tech strategies in determining the credibility of the information which was provided by a suspect. Remarkably, skin conductance was measured in as part of the physiological measures an d the data acquired using Contact Precision Instruments bioamplifiers with a sample rate of 60 Hz (Meijer, Vershuere Merckelback, 2000, p.45). According to Meijer, Vershuere Merckelback (2010), some of the issues which were observed in the lie detection tests entail how the suspect responds to questions which were related to the crime. Notably, in a test which was carried out, some suspects responded with a calculated move in a way to avoid putting themselves in a position which could result to a conclusion being made regarding their involvement in the crime. It was observed that consistent stronger physiological responding to the correct answer options indicated knowledge of intimate crime details, from which involvements in the crime could be inferred (p.44). Therefore these suspects were either put on further investigation or were opened charges to answer, depending on the level of being suspected as the culprits. The second method which is used in detecting the truth/lies was referred to as Behavior Analysis Interview. This method encompassed evoking different verbal and non-verbal responses from liars and truth-tellers (Vrij, Mann Fisher, 2006, p.329). In the research which was carried out using the BAI test, both liars and truth-tellers were helpful in the investigations which were being carried out. In other words liars and truth-tellers contributed to the investigation process, against the backdrop that liars were not helpful. Vrij, Mann Fisher (2006) states that one reason why cues to deceit emerge because liars experienced more cognitive load than truth-tellers (p.343). Remarkably, it was noted that the greater the difference between physiological and verbal responses of truth-tellers and liars, the easier it was to discriminate between them. Another method which is used in crime investigation based on the psychological and physiological analysis is Criminal Profiling, CP. In reference to Snook et al. (2008), Criminal Profiling is the practice of predicting a criminal’s behavioral, personality and demographic characteristics using crime scene evidence (p.1257). Piercing up together the profile of a suspected criminal is done in a three stage process. To begin with, the police have to collect data from a crime scene such as detective reports, autopsy and photographs. These are then taken to a profiler who predicts the behavioral, personality and the behavioral characteristics of the possible criminal. After this, the results are taken to the investigating officers to track down the criminal. It is important to note that accurate profiling requires a deep understanding of human behavior or a capacity for logical reasoning –skills typically found among psychologists and science students (Kocsis, 2004, p.343). Therefore, the effective use of this method in criminal investigation requires criminal investigation professionals to possess psychological skills and a deep understanding of human behavior and personalities. In line with this, the application of these methods in criminal investigations has contributed enormously to solving of important crime cases in the society. On the other hand, the criminal investigation agencies could also approach the issue of solving crime from the community perspective. Notably, most crime offenders live in the community or rather society with people. In some cases, these offenders are known by the society in which they live in. Therefore, the community approach involves using societal psychological and physiological analysis to acquire information which could be used to arrest these offenders. In the study of social psychology of cooperation, it was found out that legitimacy shaped willingness to help the police and willingness to work with the community, whose influence of legitimacy was similar among both majority and minority respondents (Tyler Fagan, 2008, p.250). In other words, legitimacy was one of the factors which contributed to the community assisting the police in fighting crime in the society. Importance of Psychological/Physiological Analysis’ in Investigation The use of psychological/physiological analysis in investigation is vital in investigation of key crime cases in the society. To begin with, it is important to understand that crime has continued to be a threat to the harmonious existence of the society. In consistent with this, one cannot ignore the place of psychological and physiological analysis as is used in crime investigation. In relation to this, psychological and physiological analysis continue to play a critical part in the understanding the relationship between human behavior and crime. Above and beyond, human behavior could either assist in acquiring important information and data during the investigation process while on the other hand; it may serve as a stumbling block to the acquisition of this information. Therefore, for crime investigation officers to be able to probe crime activities in the society, they need to have an understanding of psychological and physiological perspective of human beings. Psychological and physiological analysis played a significant role in separating criminal suspects from the innocent people in the society. Notably, one cannot be able to solve a crime issue without first identifying key suspects in this crime and working out on getting the actual culprits. Therefore, this analysis was vital in separating these two groups of people; letting the innocent to go free while filing charges against the crime offenders. This is particularly important when the crime offenders were not found on the scene of crime, thus complicating the issues of solving such a crime. In consistent with this, the use of strategies such as Concealed Information Test and Behavior Analysis Interview remain as important approaches towards solving these crimes (Vrij, Mann Fisher, 2006). Notably, from the case studies which were analyzed in the past researches, it was revealed that liars were more likely to go free due to their ability to focus on giving out answers to investigatio n questions which could not link them to the crime committed. According to Meijer, Vershuere Merckelback (2010), the linear trend in Concealed Information Test detection efficiency between the informed innocent, intent, and guilty condition was marginally significant (p.46). Apart from investigating crime, the use of psychological and physiological analysis in criminal investigation could also go a long way in reducing further crime in the society. For instance, the analysis of psychopaths in the society was an important strategy towards gathering data and information which could help criminal investigation officers to develop mechanisms of dealing with such kind of people in the society before they commit crime. It is important to understand that there are psychological issues which contribute to one committing a crime. Therefore, further crimes could be prevented if these psychological issues are identified and applied in deterring further criminal activities. Hanson Morton-Bourgon (2009) argue that there is a need to develop actuarial tools which would consider variables associated with recidivism and incorporate them into psychometrically sound measures of psychologically meaningful constructs (p.10). This will assist in accurate identification of i mportant factors which contribute to recidivism among offenders in the society. Pros and Cons of Physiological/Psychological Analysis in Criminal Investigation There are pros and cons which were identified in this research in regard to using psychological or physiological analysis in criminal investigation. To begin with, looking at the positive side of psychological and physiological analysis as is used in crime investigation, it was found out that the study of behavior in the investigation of crime was among the most consistent ways of dealing with crime in the society. Notably, one of the advantages of this method of crime investigation is embedded in the fact that it does not provide ways of nabbing criminals alone but also provides ways of preventing further criminal activities in future. Another advantage of this process of crime investigation is coined in the fact that this methods does not focus only on one person but rather on a group of people in crime investigation. As a result of this, the data and information obtained in regard to certain type of crime offenders could easily be analyzed and grouped, thus enabling the criminal investigation agencies to use such information in investigating further similar crimes. For instance, grouping people as psychopaths could easily help criminal investigation agencies to develop appropriate strategies of dealing with crimes committed by such people. According to Guay et al. (2007), there are two subtypes of psychopaths which have been identified so far namely; primary and secondary psychopathy (p.711). These groups exhibit different characteristics and such an understanding among the law enforcement professionals would a long way in enhancing criminal investigation processes. One of the challenges of using psychological and physiological analysis in carrying out criminal investigation activities is based on the fact that the law enforcement agencies need to have deep knowledge and understanding of human behavior and psychology in order to be able to use this method. However, research indicates that there are very few people in the law enforcement agencies who have these skills. According to Kocsis (2004), the science students surpassed all of the police groups, and there was a negative correlation between investigative experience and profiling accuracy (p.344). Stated in other words, these criminal investigation professional were supposed to develop important skills such as profiling by acquiring knowledge on human behavior. Without such information, these professionals would not be able to deal with crimes using this analysis in an effective way. On the other hand, some of the methods which are used by criminal investigation agencies across the globe hav e received minimal attention from the research. This has crippled the acquisition of information to determine whether the results which are obtained using these methods are dependable. Conclusion Criminal investigation remains as one of the most important step towards solving crime puzzles in the society. To begin with, there are different ways through which physiological and psychological analysis is applied to criminal investigation. Notably, this approach to investigation utilizes the psychological and the physiological aspects of human beings to solve challenging criminal issues in the society. As a result of this, this research found out that acquiring skills and knowledge in human behavior played important roles toward understanding the relationship between crime and the psychological aspects of human beings. In consistent with, some of the methods which were identified in this approach to criminal investigation relates to Concealed Information Test and Behavior Analysis Interviews. These methods played a vital role in collecting information which was supposed to assist criminal investigation officers to determine whether one was involved in crime or not by analyzing whether they were telling the truth or lies. Notably, it was found out that those people who told lies were more composed when answering investigation questions as compared to those people who told the truth. On the other hand, this research found out that both liars and truth-tellers were equally important in the investigation process. In combination with this, psychological and physiological analysis in criminal investigation played an important role in separating crime offenders from the innocent people in the society. This research found out that there were difficult cases in the criminal world which required criminal investigation officers to gather a pool of suspects and then eliminate them one by one until they found the culprit. Therefore, the use of psychological and physiological analysis assisted these officers in separating these two kinds of people in the society. There were also pro and cons of using this methods in investigation of crime which were identified. In line with this, this approach created an environment not only of solving crime puzzles but also of creating deterrence measures of crime in the society. On the contrary, lack of adequate research remained as one of the negative issues which were associated with this approach. As such some of the approached which were used could not be ascerta ined whether they were effective or not. Recommendation To begin with, there is a need to enhance psychological and physiological analysis as is applied to criminal investigations. Note that there has been a focus more on psychiatry and other medical-related psychological issues in this field as compared to criminology. Therefore, the criminal investigation agencies need to develop extensively their use of psychological and physiological analysis and approach to criminal investigation. Outstandingly, this would go a long way towards enlightening more criminal investigation professionals in regard to using this approach in criminal investigation. Secondly, there is need to train professionals in criminal investigation department to expand their knowledge on the use of psychological and physiological analysis as it is used in investigating crime. Notably, most police officers had limited knowledge and skills in psychological and physiological analysis as it is used in investigation practices. It is important to understand that some of the psychological and physiological analysis approaches to criminal investigation were delicate and needed critical understanding on how to apply them in real life. For instance, Criminal Profiling needed a deep understanding not only on human behavior but also on the interpretation of certain factors in the society as they relate to human behavior. There is also a need to develop academic institution which will cater exclusively for criminal investigation officers in terms of training them in regard to psychological and physiological analysis approach to criminal investigation. Notably, research indicates that irrespective of the fact that there are numerous institutions which deal with criminal investigation across the globe, little has been done to develop academic institutions to deal with the same. Furthermore, adequate research should be conducted in this area to ascertain the credibility of some of the methods which are applied in psychological and physiological analysis as is applied in criminal investigation. For instance, some of the approaches which were used under psychological and physiological analysis as is applied to criminal investigation could not be ascertained whether they were credible or not. In addition to adequate research it is also important to increase the support towards research and studies in this a rea of criminal investigation. Polis?ensk (2007) argues that one of the weaknesses which have been identified in some area of psychological analysis such as forensic psychology is limited opportunities due to lack of institutional support. References Guay et al. (2007). A Taxometric Analysis of the Latent Structure of Psychopathy: Evidence for Dimensionality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(4), 701-716. Hanson, K.R. Morton-Bourgon, K.E. (2009). The Accuracy of Recidivism Risk Assessemnt for Sexual Offenders: A Meta-Analysis of 118 Prediction Studies. Psychological Assessment, 21(1), 1-21. Kocsis, R.N. (2004). Psychological Profiling of Serial Arson Offenses: An Assessment of Skills and Accuracy. Criminal Justice Behavior, 31(3), 341-361. Meijer, E.H., Vershuere, B. Merckelback, H. (2010). Detecting Criminal Intent with the Concealed Information Test. The Open Criminology Journal, 3, 44-47. Polis?ensk, V.A. (2007). Forensic Psychology in the Czech Republic. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 4(1), 55-67. Snook et al. (2008).The Criminal Profiling Illusion: What’s Behind the Smoke and Mirrors? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(10), 1257-1276. Swogger, M.T. Kosson, D.S. (2007). Identifying Subtypes of Criminal Psychopaths: A Replication and Extension. Criminal Justice Behavior, 34(8), 953-970. Tyler, T.R. Fagan, J. (2008). Why do People Help the Police Fight crime in their Communities? Ohio States Journal of Criminal Law, 6(231), p.231-275. Vrij, A., Mann, S., Fisher, R.P. (2006). An Empirical Test of the Behavior Analysis Interview. Law and Human Behavior, 30(3), 329-345.

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International Business Environment Assignment Essay

International Business Environment Assignment - Essay Example Outsourcing is viewed by some countries as labour exploitation but a closer look at the impact this practice have to the host country, it is beneficial to the host country in many ways. To start with, there is creation of employment to the host country's population who could otherwise be unemployed if the firm did not relocate to host country. This in turn means there is improved standard of living to the employed individuals as they can now afford a decent life and meet their basic and other needs such as education, health and food. Through employment, people can afford to support themselves and pay taxes to the government through income tax which would be used for social welfare and development purposes. This is the case with American textiles firms in China where they have been able to provide employment to thousands of unemployed Chinese in their factories thus, a source of livelihood. The same case applies to Bangladeshis in Korea who are happy to have found job in American textiles firms in Korea which they save and send some to their family back home. The firm's investment to the host country requires business registration, and meeting other legal requirements which are source of revenue to the host country's government. ... Other countries where firms have been outsourcing labour confirm the positive contributions of these multinational firms to government revenue collection. Multinationals have a tendency of contracting local firms to do for them a number of businesses such as supply of vital locally produced raw materials, transportation, insurance and other services. This in turn has increased the volume of trade in host nations which translate to increase GDP. Shell Oil Company in Nigeria apart from having its own trucks now and then it hires the services of local transporters for critical supplies. This way the firm saves on insurance cost and transport logistics which are the responsibility of the contracted transporters. This is just an oil drop in the sea, there is much more business partnering with local firms where foreign firms are located across the globe. In addition, outsourcing earns the host country foreign exchange through exports of products produced by these companies. The realisation of this venture is of great importance to the host country in improving its balance of trade than when these companies are out of the country. Countries like china, Korea among others, will tell of increased earnings from foreign exchange through exportation of foreign firms products to their home countries markets or elsewhere since most of the products are not meant for local markets. Furthermore, the multinational firms may direct some of their product to the local market thus providing the local consumers with a wider consumer basket to choose from. Variety of goods in the market is a positive business environment and the country may diversify in its consumption thus real socio-economic development. It is a clear phenomenon when we see

Carminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carminal justice - Essay Example Therefore with the proper implementation and monitoring in place, we can project similar successes. Federal Bureau of Investigation figures on persons under 18 years of age arrested in the United States reflect a marginal (13%) decline from 1998 to 2002. Additionally in the 33 indices which are used to categorize criminal activity, the FBI figures reflect an appreciable decline in 27 indices, an increase in 5 areas and zero change in only one indices. The per capita crime rate for persons under 18 years of age in the United States decreased by 1% from 1998 to 2002.1 Albeit we have not yet turned the corner in ameliorating juvenile crime; these numbers represent light at the end of a long dark tunnel. For instance, on a national level From 1988 to 1992, the number of juveniles involved in aggravated assault increased 80 per cent to 77,900; the number involved in robberies went up 52 percent to 32,900, and the number involved in rapes rose 27 per cent.2 In the FBI figures presented in this proposal covering the period from 1998 – 2002, aggravated assault declined to 61,600 in 2002, or 21% since 1992. Also robberies declined to 24,500 in 2002, or25% from 1992. Although we are witnessing a downturn in the aggregate numbers, now is not the time to become complacent or satisfied with this trend. Of the 2, 261,000 arrests in 2002, 92,160 were violent crimes, of which 1,360 were murders, 4,720 were forcible rapes and 61,600 were aggravated assault.3 Crime has seriously affected teenagers’ lives, especially those who live in neighborhoods seriously hurt by crime, drugs and gangs. The effects are insidious and long-standing. Reports of juvenile crime dropping are of little consequence in light of the coming demographic surge of juveniles in their crime prone years from dysfunctional families. â€Å"How to deal with the Youth Crime Wave,† is an article written by professor dysfunctional families are committing murder,

Compare and contrast mesopotamia and egypt Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast mesopotamia and egypt Essay Both Mesopotamia and Egypt have different universal views, which then affected their culture. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers of Mesopotamia have unpredictable flood patterns. This affected their view of the universe because the inability to prepare for floods leads the Mesopotamians to believe that the world was harsh and unforgiving. In contrast, the predictable, opportune floods of the Egyptian Nile led to a trust in supernatural powers. These polar opposite views also were seen in and affected the religious opinions of the afterlife. Due to the accounts Gilgamesh, a hero in an Egyptian epic, the afterlife is seen in a terrorizing light, whereas Mesopotamians looked forward to it. A huge division in these Middle Eastern civilization’s cultures were the formation of urbanization, and class systems. In Mesopotamia, a structured 3-part class system was developed, along with Hammurabi’s Law Code. The top class included land owning males and artisans, as well as royals and warriors. The middle class contained dependent people attached to land, and at the bottom was slaves employed for domestic work. Also the freedoms and some rights of women were lost around the second millennium. In Egypt, there too were classes, yet they weren’t as enforced and structured. Woman were held at a higher standard here because they weren’t secluded in the process of urbanization and class structure, like they were in Mesopotamia. Economically, both regions participated in trade that was under state control, and their economic growth was related to commerce. Although, Mesopotamia relied solely on imports, while Egypt had an import export system within its region along the Nile. Mesopotamia was very poor in resources. In contrast, Egypt was well endowed with resources, yet practiced isolationism, which made global economic trade through commerce impossible.

Crime in Australia: An Overview

Crime in Australia: An Overview What is Crime What is Crime? Crime can be defined as breaking the law. The government or authorities usually set laws that the citizens must follow, punishment is prescribed for those who bleach those laws. The laws provided by a state are an example of behavior codes that influence society. The legal or criminal justice system enforces the law and punishes those who break it. There is a social stigma associate with crime. It is important to note that all breaches of the law are not criminal such as civil offenses and breach of contract. The tag ‘crime’ is usually reserved for the offences that cause harm or injury to the public, individuals or the state. Social, political, economic and psychological conditions influence the definition of crime and how the law is enforced. These changes may criminalize or decriminalize behavior. The statistics on crime will have to take this factor into account. Who is the Criminal? A criminal is deviant who does not follow social codes that exist in the society. Legally, a criminal is a person who breaches the law and commits a crime. This offender is the tried before a court of law for breaking the law. A criminal is usually found to be guilty of the charges put against him/her. A sentence or punishment is give to such an individual. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers Types of crime In Australia crimes are legally classified as either indictable or non-indictable. Indictable offenses are heard in a superior court in the presences of a jury. However, non-indictable offenses are heard in magistrate courts and jury is not necessary. Although there are many differences in the various jurisdictions, a conclusion was made that offenses include; fraud, burglary, robbery, rape, assault and homicide. Crime is categorized as violent, public order or property crime in the criminal justice statistics. Violent crimes consist of assault, sexual violence, robbery, kidnapping or abduction and homicide. Robbery to some extent is a property crime. However, it’s considered a violent crime since the threat of violence is a graver offence. Criminal justice system in Australia Australia’s criminal law has evolved from the initial law adopted from the English common law. Australia’s federal government is made up of the national government and six states. The commonwealth government enforces its own laws. Commonwealth offenses include drug trafficking, breach of social security laws, property and personal offenses that occur within the commonwealth. Every state has its own criminal law. States like; Tasmania, Western Australia and Queensland have enacted the criminal codes. The other states; Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales use the common law. Currently gender, race, policing, law and crime are some of the topics for debate in the criminal justice system. Stakeholders are kin on establishing a relationship between crime, gender, race and the legal justice system. However, the issue has not received adequate media and political attention. Gender Race According to statistics on Australia’s workforce in criminal justice work there are more men compared to women. It is a ‘man’s’ job. Examining gender shades more light on criminology and victimization. Information and statistics provided also shows Australian indigenous white male represent the largest population in the prisons. The author observes, â€Å"That a specific group of approximately 2% of Australia’s female population accounts for half of the overall number of indigenous Australian women who are in prison.† These findings are astonishing. In addition, statistics also reveals that majority of those working in criminal justice are white males. The population of indigenous white men is larger than that of indigenous Australian women. Evidently, there is a racial disparity in the workforce of the criminal justice system in Australia Policing The role of the police in the legal justice system is analyzed by Cunneen in his book; Conflict, Politics and Crime: Aboriginal Communities and the Police. The author examines the over-criminalization of Australia’s indigenous people in relation to their colonial past. He developed a theory that there is a relationship between criminalization and colonization of the indigenous people. Cunneen gives attention to the role the police play in the process of criminalization of the indigenous people. He notes that the law enforcers particularly the police have limited effectives; their policies and practices are shortcoming. The police need to change their colonial policing style and culture. A zero tolerance approach towards crime has been adopted however, it is important to protect human rights and to use good judgment. Police have a vital role in crime prevention and reaction. However, more emphasis should be placed on crime prevention. The police need to organize targeted patrols, follow ups for victims with repeat allegations, faster improved response to victims, problem identification and development of solutions as well as cooperation with other law enforcing agencies. For this changes to take place successfully a cultural and mind set change is fundamental. (Brereton, David) Age The minimum age for trial in Australia’s juvenile court and in the adult courts varies. Nonetheless, 7 years is the minimum age for trial in a juvenile court and 16 years for trial in an adult court in most states. In some jurisdictions criminal charges such as murder, rape and treason are tried in adult courts. Sexuality Crime and society in Australia Women have often been the victims of crime. A study was conducted on the victimization of women in Australia. The survey on sexual and physical violence was carried out on women between 18 to 69 years. The definition of physical violence included threats, arm twisting, attempted suffocation and use of weapons like knifes or a guns. Forced sexual engagement, unwelcome sexual touch and attempts of sexual violence. According to the report 10% of the women who participated in the survey had experienced male violence that year or the previous one. The number of women who expreinced physical violence was twice as high as that of the ones who experienced sexual violence. The statistics indicated that 5% of the physical violence was perpetrated by a non-partner while 3% of the sexual violence was also committed by a non-partner. The report defined a non-partner as a friend, relative, acquaintance, workmate or stranger. General, partner sexual and physical violence are hardly reported to the authorities. Most victims find it easier to speak to their families and friends than report to the police. Table 1: Reports by victims of violence to family members, friends and the police. Partner violence Non-partner violence Family 42% 51% Friends 55% 57% Police 15% 16% The main question here is why the female victims of violence fail to report to the police. One of the most common reasons given by the victims was that they thought the case was minor or they thought that nothing could be done to help them. Has the legal system failed those whom it should protect? Its necessary to evaluate how informed the public is on individuals rights. Another area of concern is how much a person should take or allow themselves to be subjected to, in relation to violence before they can speak and seek legal justice. In 2001 and 2002 about 18 women were victims of gang rape and assault. The Ashfield gang rape perpetrated by the â€Å"K† Pakistani brothers is an example of such cases. Their victims were teenage girls from different ethnic backgrounds. The crime was comparable to Lebanese gang rapes in Sydney. Australia’s law defines rape as â€Å"unlawful sexual act with another person by force; without their consent.† The rapists’ video taped most of their rape and this was used in court as evidence. The criminal justice system judged and punished the perpetrators. The â€Å"K† brothers were sentenced to 15 to 24 years imprisonment. They were convicted for a total of 70 years for the 28 rape charges against them. In November 2005, an appeal made by three of the brothers was rejected. Instead in 2006 there term was extended by the Supreme Court (New South Wales). On of the brothers however, committed suicide in his cell. By 2007 the brothers were to face additional rape charges. During the court proceedings the issue of cultural difference between Australian and Pakistani culture arose. The rapist claimed that they did not understand what consent meant according to Australia’s terms. According to them the girls’ behavior was a form of consent. They claimed that their victims behaved in a way that Pakistani girls would not especially if they were not willing to cooperate. The presiding judge dismissed their claims and openly told off their lawyer for making such an argument. The above incident is an example of immigrants been the perpetrators of crime. The difference in culture is certain no excuse for committing such crimes. It is important to question how allowing immigrants into Australia influences crime. Certainly, different definitions of crime exist in varying countries and culture. What measures are in place to ensure that the interest of Australia’s population is safeguarded? Women are also victims of trafficking in Australia. These women are usually trafficked from other countries especially Asia and forced to work in as sex workers. The media highlighted this issue and claimed that government agencies helped the perpetrator. According to the media the government mismanaged cases by victims of trafficking and deported those women without giving them any compensation for the crimes committed against them. In response Australia’s parliament set up a joint committee to investigate the issue. The committee’s findings acknowledged that people trafficking is a major crime in Australia. Most of the trafficked people were unaware of the nature of work they would have to do in Australia. The committee was also concerned about the ease with which traffickers could access visas for hundreds of trafficked victims without raising any suspicion. Approximately 300 to 1000 women are trafficked into Australia annually. The trafficked women were forced to work not only in the sex industry but also in clothing and textiles, domestic work, construction and in the hospitality industry. Most of these victims were physically, sexually and mentally assaulted. Moreover, their working conditions were atrocious. Immigration has increased in Australia. In the 20th century more Asians have immigrated to Australia. This has lead to the increase of Asian gangs and criminal activities by these gangs in the major cities. Racial power struggles are evident even in politics. The ‘one National party’ was branded as Nazis by the Jews in Australia. The Australia-Israel Review printed the article with the aim of intimidating the party members. The attempts by the whites in Australia were shunned unlike the Aborigines. The whites were doing what the Aborigines had done but there move was termed as racist. The Aboriginals or the indigenous Australian people have in the past organized themselves on racial basis. They have also received special treatment from the government. They even have their own Aboriginal Law Council. The Aborigines account for 2% of Australia’s population. However, according to statistics by the Australian Institute of Criminology the Aborigines make up 30% of the inmates. (The Argus, 1985). Recent years have also witnessed crimes organized by a race against another. For instance the 2005 racial violence in Sydney is an example. There was a week long all attack on Muslims following an alleged attack of life guard in North Cronulla beach by a Lebanese man. Innocent people were attacked as gangs took advantage of the situation to target individuals based on their race. The government and the media did not do much to calm the situation. Moreover, to some extent the government was responsible for fueling such an attack. Since the September 11 terrorist attacks Muslim-Australians were subject to state surveillance, police raids and fear mongering. Media coverage on war on terrorism worsened the situation making all Muslim Australians to be labeled as terrorists. Media coverage on the Sydney riots appeared to support the violence. For instance, the Daily Telegraph, December had the heading â€Å"Fight for Cronulla: we want our beach back†. Past rape cases that in involved Lebanese men give justification to the attackers to claim that all Lebanese men are rapist. Clearly, such a claim has no basis because a number of Lebanese men were convicted of the crime it does not justify the punishment of an entire race. Terrorism is one of the challenges that this generation has to address. However, it is not justified to attack person and destroy property belonging to people because they belong to a particular race that is accused of terrorist acts. The division on racial lines was evident in the riots with different groups lashing out at others openly. The world is quickly becoming a global village. Therefore there is a need to understand, accept, cooperate and work with people from different cultures, races, ethnicity and religion. Tolerance should be emphasized in the current generation not violence or crimes against any particular race. A study done by the Australian government on juvenile offending revealed that ethnic minority youth were more likely to be offenders. Unemployment among the youth (15-19 years of age) was the main reason for engagement in crime. The unemployment rate for the minority youths was three times higher than the general unemployment rates of other youths. For instance the unemployment rate for Vietnamese Australian males doubles that of the general Australian youth rate. (HREOC 1993:223) The report by the Australia Bureau of Statistics showed that juveniles accounted for 13% of those in police custody. In 2003, persons between the ages of 15 and 19 accounted for the highest crime rate and booking. The juvenile offenders were four times more than the other offenders. Juvenile offenders were mostly charged with unwanted entry, theft, assault and motor vehicle theft. Cases of juvenile homicide, sexual violence, robbery and fraud were very minimal. (ABS, 2003) It is a matter of concern that youth engage in crime either individually or in gangs. Unemployment is one of the reasons given for this behavior. However, it is necessary to examine racial employment discrimination in terms of race. Statistics have shown that there is a large disparity between unemployment rates of minority youths with that of youth in general. A report by Australia Criminology Department showed that female homicide offenders were highest among 20 to 24 year olds. This was the same case for the men. (2003). Homicide cases for female offenders between 15 to 24 years of age had fluctuated in the 1990’s. A report prepared by the National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP) showed that in 2003 there were 341 cases of homicide in Australia. This was a 6% decrease compared to the findings of the previous year. Murder cases accounted for 89% of the homicide case in 2003 while the rest were manslaughter. Domestic related disputes were responsible for most of the female homicide incidences. The female victims were killed due to disputes related to child custody, break ups in a relationship and other partner conflicts. However, most of the homicide victims were male. They accounted for 67% of the homicide victims with men between the ages of 25 and 44 being the largest target. Compare to the women at all ages the male homicide victims were more expect for ages under 15. The female homicide victims had decreased by 15% compared to a survey done the previous year. (Australia Bureau of Statistics 2004) A survey done in South Australia, Queensland and Victoria indicated that 175,872 offenders were booked in 2003. 138,232 were male while 37,640 were female. Compared to the females, males were four times more likely to be offenders. The offending rate for men was 3,148 per 100,000. (2002-2003) Rehabilitation of the inmates is a subject that needs to be given priority as far as enforcement of the law in Australia is concerned. Research has revealed that rehabilitation of female inmates seems to emphasis on those convicted of minor offenses compared to those who have committed criminal offences like homicide. The research reveals that female prisoners with long term charges have limited and impersonalized rehabilitation. CONCLUSION Juvenile crime cases have increased worldwide. However, the crimes performed by the deviant youth are not as serious as those perpetrated by adults. In Australia the juvenile offenders rate has doubled, with most of the perpetrators been male youths. (AIC, 2003). It is argued that the main reason why juvenile booking rates have increased is because the youth are easier to arrest and prosecute. Their level of crime organization is generally less complex compared to that of adults. The main concern is how to rehabilitate youth crime offenders so that they do not continue to engage in crime in their adult life. Generally, fewer women are perpetrators of crime compared to women. However, they are often victimized, in relation to sexual or physical assault. The victims of human trafficking in Australia are mostly women. Crime rate are higher among certain races in Australia, especially among the minorities and the immigrants. This is mainly due to the racial disparities that exist in terms of employment opportunity and discrimination. Australia has made various initiatives to stop crime. As part of a crime prevention effort the National Community Crime Prevention Program was instituted in 2004. Its grant program received a funding of $ 65.5 million for the period between 2004 and 2008. These funds were to support grass root programs on crime prevention, improve safety in the community and reduce the fear associated with crime. The public, politicians and law enforcers should focus on crime prevention. It’s of utmost importance to change the perception on crime. It is not enough to react to criminals acts by arresting, taking to trial and convicting perpetrators. The government and its legal agents need to examine what can be done so as to address the issue of crime before it occurs. Prevention of crime should be given more attention. Instead of hiring more law enforcing officer, building more prisons and funding the criminal law justice system the funds can be used to improve development in the country. It is not enough to set up agencies to address the issue of crime. More far reaching initiatives need to be taken. Issues such as perception, equality in terms of opportunities and affirmative action for minorities, culture change and enforcement of the law without any bias should be considered in relation to crime and crime prevention. References Adam, G peter G. 1999. The Cambridge handbook of Australian Criminology. Cambridge, UK. Allen S. Walklate, 2001. Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice, Willan Publishing, UK. Argus correspondent, 1985. â€Å"Aborigines have the highest jail rate in the world.† The Argus, Nov. Australian Bureau of statistics, Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2003. Population by age and sex: Australian states and territories 1997 to 2002 ABS, Canberra. Australian Government: Australian Institute of Criminology, Chris Cunneen, White Robert, 2000. Juvenile Justice: youth and Crime in Australia. Oxford, UK. Cunneen, Chris, 1998. Conflict, Politics and Crime: Aboriginal Communities and the Police. Oxford, UK. D Chappell P Wilson, (eds.) 2000. Crime and the Criminal Justice System in Australia: 2000 and Beyond. Butterworths, Sydney Guillermo, Bernal, 2003. Handbook of Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Oxford, UK. Jacobsen, G. 2005. â€Å"Brothers’ violent gang rapes revealed†. The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 July. Jacobsen, G.2007, â€Å"Charges brought against brothers for rapes.† The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 Nov. Mason, G Tomsen, S (eds.), 1997. Homophobic Violence. Hawkins Press, Sydney Mason, G, ‘Hate Crime as Moral Category: Lessons from the Snowtown Case’ Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 40(3) 249-271 (2007) Recorded crime: victims, Australia 2003. ABS Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2003. Population by age and sex: Australian states and territories 2003. ABS Canberra. Mason, G, 1990. Youth Suicide in Australia: Prevention Strategies, Department of Employment, Education and Training Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra Mason, G, 2002. The Spectacle of Violence: Homophobia, Gender Knowledge, Routledge, United Kingdom. Mason, G, 2007. ‘Hate Crime’ in T. Anthony C. Cunneen, A Critical Criminology Reader, Federation Press, Annandale Mouzos, J Makkai, T. 2004. Womens experiences of male violence: findings from the Australian component of the International violence against women survey (IVAWS). Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. Mouzos, J. 2002, Homicide in Australia: 2000-2001 National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP) Annual Report, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. Ms Maltzahm, Proof Committee Hansard, 18 November 2003. Sir, P. 1995. Violent Property Crime. Federation Press, Sydney. Wallace, N, 2005. â€Å"Gang rapist’s attacks unavoidable, says lawyer†. The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 Dec. Wallace, Natasha, 2005. â€Å"Gang rapist claims right to assault† The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 Oct. Wallace, Natasha. 2005. ‘History of infamy’, The Sydney Morning Herald. 24 Nov.